State actors, Government-sponsored groups, Authoritarian regimes
Nation-state perpetrators represent the most resourced and technically sophisticated form of coordinated TFGBV. Unlike other perpetrator types, nation-states can combine digital harassment with offline consequences by leveraging government infrastructure, intelligence capabilities, and legal frameworks, and physical threats. These campaigns often target women in journalism, civil society, human rights defenders, and political opposition figures, with particular focus on silencing voices that challenge government narratives or policies.
Very high - Nation-state actors have access to advanced surveillance technologies, sophisticated hacking capabilities, and substantial resources for sustained campaigns. They often employ professional cyber units with intelligence-grade technical skills.